ABSTRACT
Background: COVID-19 has spread rapidly around the world. It is necessary to study lung tissue of postmortem COVID19 patients to determine the molecular alteration particularly the role of IL-6 and IL-17 in causing fatality. Background: This study aims to determine the differences in the expressions of IL-6 and IL-17 in lung tissue of post-mortem COVID-19 patients compared to non-COVID-19 patients. This study also aimed to analyze the correlation between the expressions of IL-6 and IL-17 in lung tissue of post-mortem COVID-19 patients. Methods: This research is an observational analytic study with crosssectional approach. The samples were 15 paraffin blocks of post-mortem lung tissue biopsy of COVID-19 patients, and 15 paraffin blocks of inflammatory lung tissue biopsy or surgery of non-COVID-19 patients. IL-6 and IL-17 expressions were evaluated by immunohistochemical procedure. Result: There was a significant difference in the expression of IL-6 in the COVID-19 group and the non-COVID-19 group with a p-value = 0.001 (p < 0.05). There was a significant difference in the expression of IL-17 in the COVID-19 group and the non-COVID-19 group with p-value = 0.001 (p < 0.05). There was a significant correlation between the expressions of IL-6 and IL-17 in the COVID-19 group, with the Spearman coefficient value (rs) of 0.548 with p = 0.034 (p < 0.05). Conclusion: There are differences in the expression of IL-6 and IL-17 between COVID-19 and non-COVID-19 lung tissue. There is a significant correlation between the expressions of IL-6 and IL-17 in post-mortem lung tissue of COVID-19 patients.
ABSTRACT
Background: The global COVID-19 pandemic has increased the risk of malnutrition in young children, including stunting,especially those under five years old. Stunting incident was often found in low income families who were unable to afford nutritious food. During COVID-19 pandemic, certain types of food might not be available and affordable for some families. The stunting incident could be increased due to decline in family income, change in food availability and disruption to health and social services. Objective: To determine the effect of family income during COVID-19 pandemic on the incidence of stunting in preschool children at PuspaBangsa Kindergarten, Bogor City. Method: This type of research was analytical survey with cross sectional approach. The total sample was 35 families who had their children studied at PuspaBangsa Kindergarten. The instrument in this study was filling out a questionnaire using Google Form on family income and weight of preschool children to determine the incidence of stunting in preschool children. Conclusion: 7 participants (20%) were found with family income less than the Regional Minimum Wage. The results of univariate analysis for stunting incident variables were as followed: normal height category 23 (65.7%) and very short height category 4 (11.4%). The statistical analysis obtained p-value = 0.02, which means there was significant relationship between family income and the incidence of stunting at Puspa Bangsa Kindergarten, Bogor City.